ANTI-VIRAL EFFECTS OF WHEY COMPONENTS
Updated June 2003
The
components in milk and whey that have antiviral activity include lactoferrin,
lactoperoxidase, immunoglobulins and fatty acids. The majority of the publications of the past three years relate to
lactoferrin.
Ng
et al. 2001 evaluated a number of
bovine milk proteins for activity agains HIV-1 ensymes considered to be
important to the life cycles of the HIV virus.
Different enzymes had different effects of the different enzymes, with
all be inhibitory to some degree for all 3 enzymes assayed. [Abstract: Different proteins have been isolated from bovine milk
including lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, glycolactin, angiogenin-1, lactogenin, alpha-lactalbumin,
lactoglobulin and casein. These proteins have been assayed for inhibitory
activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase, protease and
integrase, enzymes crucial to the HIV-1 life cycle.Lactoferrin strongly
inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase but only slightly inhibited HIV-1
protease and integrase. On the other hand, alpha-lactalbumin,
beta-lactoglobulin and casein inhibited HIV-1 protease and integrase to an
appreciable extent but did not inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Glycolactin
and angiogenin-1 suppressed the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase to a
moderate extent but more powerfully inhibited HIV-1 protease and integrase. In
comparison with the other milk proteins, glycolactin was a strong inhibitor of
HIV-1 protease and integrase and a moderate inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse
transcriptase. Lactogenin was a strong inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase, a moderate
inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and a weak inhibitor of HIV-1
protease.]
Glycolactin:
Glycolactin was first reported in milk in 2000
and have shown to have activity against a number of enzymes, especially those
that have been associated with HIV replication.
References:
Ng-TB; Lam-TL; Au-TK; Ye-XY; Wan-CC (2001) Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type
1 reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase by bovine milk proteins. Life-Sciences.
69: 19, 2217-2223
Wang-HeXiang; Ye-XiuYun; Ng-TB; Wang-HX; Ye-XY (2000) First
demonstration of an inhibitory activity of milk proteins against human
immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase and the effect of
succinylation. Life-Sciences. 2000, 67:
22, 2745-2752;
Ye-XY; Ng-TB Purification and
characterization of glycolactin, a novel glycoprotein from bovine milk. Life-Sciences. 2000, 66: 13,
1177-1186
Lactoferrin:
Lactoferrin
has been the protein in milk and whey that has been associated primarily with
anti-viral activity.
References:
Andersen-JH; Osbakk-SA; Vorland-LH; Traavik-T; Gutteberg-TJ )2001) Lactoferrin and cyclic lactoferricin
inhibit the entry of human cytomegalovirus into human fibroblasts.
Antiviral-Research. 51: 2, 141-149; 40 ref.
Berkhout,
B, Wamel, J.L.B. van, Belijaars, L, Meijer, D.K.F., Visser, S, Floris, R. &
van Wamel, J.L.B. (2002)
Characterization of the anti-HIV effects of native lactoferrin and other
milk proteins and protein derived peptides.
Giansanti-F; Rossi-P; Massucci-MT; Botti-D; Antonini-G; Valenti-P; Seganti-L; Vogel-HJ (2002) Antiviral activity of ovotransferrin discloses
an evolutionary strategy for the defensive activities of lactoferrin. 5th International conference on lactoferrin: structure, function and
applications, Banff Centre, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 4-9 May, 2001.
Biochemistry-and-Cell-Biology. 2002, 80: 1, 125-130
Iwasa-M; Kaito-M; Ikoma-J; Takeo-M; Imoto-I; Adachi-Y; Yamauchi-K; Koizumi-R; Teraguchi-S (2002) Lactoferrin inhibits hepatitis C virus
viremia in chronic hepatitis C patients with high viral loads and HCV genotype
1b.
American-Journal-of-Gastroenterology. 2002, 97: 3, 766-767
Lampis-G; Deidda-D; Pinza-M; Pompei-R 2001) Enhancement of anti-herpetic activity of
glycyrrhizic acid by physiological proteins.
Antiviral-Chemistry-and-Chemotherapy. 12: 2, 125-131
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Marchetti-M; Superti-F (2001) Antiviral activity of lactoferrin. (2001) Ng-TB; Lam-TL; Au-TK; Ye-XY; Wan-CC (2001) Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus
type 1 reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase by bovine milk
proteins. Life-Sciences. 69: 19, 2217-2223 Meijer-DKF; Heeswijk-RPG-van; Swart-PJ; Beljaars-L; Huisman-JG; Koenderman-A; The-TH; Harmsen-MC; Floris-R; Berg-JJM-van-den; Smit-C; Bakker-H; Strate-BWA-van-der; Kuipers-ME; Jansen-RW; Molema-G; Berkhout-B; der-Strate-BWA-van; van-Heeswijk-RPG; van-den-Berg-JJM; van-der-Strate-BWA (2001) Charge-modified plasma and milk
proteins that interfere with HIV and CMV/target cell binding and fusion. Recent-Developments-in-Antiviral-Research. 2001, 1: 81-115. Superti-F; Siciliano-R; Rega-B; Giansanti-F; Valenti-P; Antonini-G (201) Involvement of bovine lactoferrin metal
saturation, sialic acid and protein fragments in the inhibition of Rotavirus
infection. Biochimica-et-Biophysica-Acta,-General-Subjects. 2001, 1528:
2-3, 107-115; 43 ref. Strate-BWA-van-der; Beljaars-L; Molema-G; Harmsen-MC; Meijer-DKF; der-Strate-BWA-van; van-der-Strate-BWA (2001) Antiviral activities of
lactoferrin. Antiviral-Research. 52: 3, 225-239 Strate-BWA-van-der; Harmsen-MC; Schafer-P; Swart-PJ; The-TH; Jahn-G; Speer-CP; Meijer-DKF; Hamprecht-K; van-der-Strate-BWA
2001) Viral load in breast
milk correlates with transmission of human cytomegalovirus to preterm
neonates, but lactoferrin concentrations do not Clinical-and-Diagnostic-Laboratory-Immunology., 8: 4,
818-821 Tsuda-H; Sekine-K; Fujita-K; Iigo-M; Vogel-HJ (2002) Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin and
underlying mechanisms -- a review of experimental and clinical studies. 5th International conference on lactoferrin: structure, function and
applications, Banff Centre, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 4-9.
Biochemistry-and-Cell-Biology. 2002, 80: 1, 131-136
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