Conjugated Linoleic Acids (CLA)

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are a group of conjugated dienes occurring mainly in milk fat and are derived from dietary linoleic acid. There is some evidence that they may arise also from the action of rumen bacteria. A number of positional isomers are formed with cis-9,trans-11 making up about 90 percent of the isomers. This isomer is believed to be the biologically active form and is perfentially incorporated into the phospholipids of cell membranes.

Biological functions of CLA include:

v Potential role in preventing colon cancer

v Potential role in fat control and body building

v Immumomodulation

v Anti-artherogenic activity

v Growth factor in rats

Review on milk lipids:

Molkentin J (2000) Occurrence and biochemical chacteristics of natural bioactive substances in bovine milk lipids

References related to anti-cancer activity:

.

 Belury-MA  (2002) Inhibition of carcinogenesis by conjugated linoleic acid: potential mechanisms of action

: Department of Molecular Medicine, Northwest Hospital, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.

 Journal-of-Nutrition. 132: 10, 2995-2998.

Belury-MA; Moya-Camarena-SY; Lu-M; Shi-LL; Leesnitzer-LM; Blanchard-SG (2002) Conjugated linoleic acid is an activator and ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma).  Nutrition-Research. 2002, 22: 7, 817-824; 15 ref.



 Belury-MA (2002) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid in health: physiological effects and mechanisms of action

 Annual-Review-of-Nutrition. 22: 505-531

.

 Belury-MA (2002) Inhibition of carcinogenesis by conjugated linoleic acid: potential mechanisms of action

 Journal-of-Nutrition; 132 (10) 2995-2998

Moya-Camarena,-S.Y.; Belury,-M.A. (1999)  Species differences in the metabolism and regulation of gene expression by conjugated linoleic acid.  Nutr-rev. Washington, D.C.: International Life Sciences Institute--ILSI Press. Nov 1999. v. 57 (11) p. 336-340.

Belury-MA; Heuvel-JP-vanden; Vanden-Heuvel-JP; Yurawecz-MP (ed.); Mossoba-MM (ed.); Kramer-JKG (ed.); Pariza-MW (ed.); Nelson-G (1999) Advances-in-conjugated-linoleic-acid-research,-volume-1. 404-411.

Cantwell, H., Devery, R., O’Shea, M., and Stanton, C. (1999) The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on the antioxidant enzyme defense system in rat hepatocytes. Lipids 34: 833-839

Corl BA, Baumgard LH, Bauman DE. Role of delta-9-desaturase in the synthesis of the anticarcinogenic isomer of CLA and other milk fatty acids. In: Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. Feed Manuf. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Nutrition Conference (62nd). Pp. 203–212 (2000).

Evans M, Geigerman C, Cook J, Curtis L, Kuebler B, McIntosh M. Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses triglyceride accumulation and induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Lipids 35:899–910 (2000).

Gill HS, Cross ML. Anticancer properties of bovine milk Brit. J. Nutr. 84:S161–S166 (Suppl. 1) (2000).

Houseknecht,-K.L.; Heuvel,-J.P.V.; Moya-Camerena,-S.Y.; Portocarrero,-C.P.; Peck,-L.W.; Nickel,-K.P.; Belury,-M.A. (1998) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid normalizes impaired glucose tolerance in the Zucker diabetic fatty fa/fa rat. Biochem-biophys-res-commun. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press. Mar 27, 1998. v. 244 (3) p. 678-682.

Houseknecht,-K.L.; Heuvel,-J.P.V.; Moya-Camerena,-S.Y.; Portocarrero,-C.P.; Peck,-L.W.; Nickel,-K.P.; Belury,-M.A.
Biochemical-and-biophysical-research-communications (USA). (27 Mar 1998). v. 244(3) p. 678-682.

Ip C, Ip MM, Loftus T, Shoemaker S, Shea-Eaton W. Induction of apoptosis by conjugated linoleic acid in cultured mammary tumor cells and premalignant lesions of the rat mammary gland. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prevent. 9:689–696 (2000).

Locniskar,-M.; Belury,-M.A.; Cumberland,-A.G.; Patrick,-K.E.; Fischer,-S.M. (1991) The effect of various dietary fats on skin tumor initiaion. Nutr-Cancer. Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. v. 16 (3/4) p. 189-196.

O’Shea, M., Stanton, C.and Devery,R. (1999). Antioxidant enzyme defense responses of human MCF-7 and Sw480 Cancer cells to conjugated linoleic acid. Anticancer Research 19: 1953-1959

Park Y, Allen KGD, Shultz TD. Modulation of MCF-7 breast cancer cell signal transduction by linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in culture. Anticancer Res. 20:669–676 (2000).

Parodi-PW 1999 Conjugated linoleic acid and other anticarcinogenic agents of bovine milk fat Journal-of-Dairy-Science; 82 (6) 1339-1349

Petrik MBH, McEntee MF, Johnson BT, Obukowicz MG, Whelan J. Highly unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids, but not alpha-linolenic, conjugated linoleic or gamma-linolenic acids, reduce tumorigenesis in Apc(Min/+) mice. J. Nutr. 130(10):2434–2443 (2000).

Soo-Gyoung-Wang 1999 Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on intestinal cell proliferation. Journal-of-Food-Science-and-Nutrition; 4 (3) 203-208

Banni-S; Angioni-E; Casu-V; Melis-MP; Carta-G; Corongiu-FP; Thompson-H; Ip-C 1999 Decrease in linoleic acid metabolites as a potential mechanism in cancer risk reduction by conjugated linoleic acid. Carcinogenesis-; 20 (6) 1019-1024

Jin-Jiang; Wolk-A; Vessby-B 1999 Relation between the intake of milk fat and the occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid in human adipose tissue. American-Journal-of-Clinical-Nutrition; 70 (1) 21-27

Gurr-MI 1999 Milkfat, cardiovascular disease and cancer: research findings 1997/1998. Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation No 340: 27-29

Majumder B, Moir S, Wahle KJ, Heys SD. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid on the expression of key genes involved in the apoptotic pathway. Brit. J. Surg. 88:7–7 (Suppl. 1) (2001).

Miner JL, Cederberg CA, Nielsen MK, Chen XL, Baile CA. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), body fat, and apoptosis. Obesity Res. 9:129–134 (2001).

O’ Shea, M., Devery, R., Stanton, C. and Lawless, F.: (1998).The effect of conjugated dienoic derivative of linoleic acid on the in vitro growth of MCF-7 and SW480 human cancer cell lines. Biochem Soc Trans 26: S61.

O’Shea, M., Lawless, F., Stanton, C. and Devery, R. (1998) Review: Conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk fat: a food-based approach to cancer chemoprevention. Trends in Food Science & Technology 9: 192-196.

Kai-Li-Liu; Belury-MA 1998 Conjugated linoleic acid reduces arachidonic acid content and PGE2 synthesis in murine keratinocytes. Cancer-Letters; 127 (1/2) 15-22

O'Shea-M; Lawless-F; Stanton-C; Devery-R 1998 Conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk fat: a food-based approach to cancer chemoprevention. Trends-in-Food-Science-&-Technology; 9 (5) 192-196

Stanton-C; Lawless-F; Murphy-J; Connolly-B 1997 Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) - a health promoting component of dairy fats. I. Biological properties of Farm-&-Food; 7 (2) 19-20

Rao-Durgam-V; Fernandes-G 1997 The growth inhibitory effect of conjugated linoleic acid on MCF-7 cells is related to estrogen response system Cancer-Letters; 116 (2) 121-130

Ip-C; Banni-S; Angioni-E; Carta-G; McGinley-J; Thompson-HJ; Barbano-D; Bauman-D 1999 Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter fat alters mammary gland morphogenesis and reduces cancer risk in rats. Journal-of-Nutrition; 129 (12) 2135-2142
Cantwell, H., Devery, R., O’Shea, M., and Stanton, C. (1999) The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on the antioxidant enzyme defense system in rat hepatocytes. Lipids 34: 833-839
O’Shea, M., Stanton, C. and Devery, R. (1999). Antioxidant enzyme defense responses of human MCF-7 and Sw480 Cancer cells to conjugated linoleic acid. Anticancer Research 19: 1953-1959
Soo-Gyoung-Wang 1999 Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on intestinal cell proliferation. Journal-of-Food-Science-and-Nutrition; 4 (3) 203-208
Banni-S; Angioni-E; Casu-V; Melis-MP; Carta-G; Corongiu-FP; Thompson-H; Ip-C 1999 Decrease in linoleic acid metabolites as a potential mechanism in cancer risk reduction by conjugated linoleic acid. Carcinogenesis-; 20 (6) 1019-1024
Jin-Jiang; Wolk-A; Vessby-B 1999 Relation between the intake of milk fat and the occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid in human adipose tissue. American-Journal-of-Clinical-Nutrition; 70 (1) 21-27
Parodi-PW 1999 Conjugated linoleic acid and other anticarcinogenic agents of bovine milk fat Journal-of-Dairy-Science; 82 (6) 1339-1349
Gurr-MI 1999 Milkfat, cardiovascular disease and cancer: research findings 1997/1998. Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation No 340: 27-29
O’ Shea, M., Devery, R., Stanton, C. and Lawless, F.: (1998).The effect of conjugated dienoic derivative of linoleic acid on the in vitro growth of MCF-7 and SW480 human cancer cell lines. Biochem Soc Trans 26: S61.
O’Shea, M., Lawless, F., Stanton, C. and Devery, R. (1998) Review: Conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk fat: a food-based approach to cancer chemoprevention. Trends in Food Science & Technology 9: 192-196.
Kai-Li-Liu; Belury-MA 1998 Conjugated linoleic acid reduces arachidonic acid content and PGE2 synthesis in murine keratinocytes. Cancer-Letters; 127 (1/2) 15-22
O'Shea-M; Lawless-F; Stanton-C; Devery-R 1998 Conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk fat: a food-based approach to cancer chemoprevention. Trends-in-Food-Science-&-Technology; 9 (5) 192-196
Stanton-C; Lawless-F; Murphy-J; Connolly-B 1997 Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) - a health promoting component of dairy fats. I. Biological properties of Farm-&-Food; 7 (2) 19-20
Rao-Durgam-V; Fernandes-G 1997 The growth inhibitory effect of conjugated linoleic acid on MCF-7 cells is related to estrogen response system Cancer-Letters; 116 (2) 121-130

References related to fat metabilism and weight control

[Under development]

CLA Products:

Links to CLA products include:

http://www.angelfire.com/oh2/fountainofyouth/cla.html

http://www.lef.org/prod_hp/php153.html

http://search.msn.com/results.asp?RS=CHECKED&FORM=MSNH&v=1&q=conjugated+linoleic

http://www.qualitycounts.com/fpcla.html