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Proteins, carbohydrates and fats have been reports to be subject to manipulations and to act as functional foods for appetite control (Dye & Blundell, 2002),

Hall and others (2003) have claimed that protein are generally agreed to be the most satiating macronutrient. Different proteins have different effects.  They found that whey proteins were more effective in satiation than casein.  In their abstract, they stated.  “We investigated the effects of two milk protein types, casein and whey, on food intake and subjective ratings of hunger and fullness, and on postprandial metabolite and gastrointestinal hormone responses. Two studies were undertaken. The first study showed that energy intake from a buffet meal ad libitum was significantly less 90 min after a 1700 kJ liquid preload containing 48 g whey, compared with an equivalent casein preload (P<0·05). In the second study, the same whey preload led to a 28 % increase in postprandial plasma amino acid concentrations over 3 h compared with casein (incremental area under the curve (iAUC), P<0·05). Plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) was increased by 60 % (iAUC, P<0·005), glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 by 65 % (iAUC, P<0·05) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide by 36 % (iAUC, P<0·01) following the whey preload compared with the casein. Gastric emptying was influenced by protein type as evidenced by differing plasma paracetamol profiles with the two preloads. Greater subjective satiety followed the whey test meal (P<0·05). These results implicate post-absorptive increases in plasma amino acids together with both CCK and GLP-1 as potential mediators of the increased satiety response to whey and emphasise the importance of considering the impact of protein type on the appetite response to a mixed meal.”

References

Aleinik, S.I., Stan, E.Y. and Chernikov, M.P. (1984) A glycopetide from κ-casein and its effect of protein assimilation. Voprosy Pitaniya 2: 47-50

Chernikov, M.P., Nikolskaya, G.V., Stan, E. Y., Shlygin, G.K. and Vasilevskaya, L.S. (1974) Effect of casein glycomacropeptide on acid secretion in the stomach of the dog. Voprosy Pitaniya 1974, No. 2:21-25.

Dye, L. & Blundell, J. (2002) Functional foods: psychological and behavioural functions. British Journal of Nutrition 88(6): 181-211.

Hall, W. L., Millward, D.J., Long, S. J. & Morgan, L.M. (2003) Casein and whey exert different effects on plasma amino acid profiles, gastrointestinal hormone secretion and appetite. British Journal of Nutrition 89(2) 339-348.

Stan, EY., Ekimovski, A.P. and Aleinik, S.I. (1988) Heterogeneity and physiological activity of bovine kappa-casein proteolysis products. Voprosy Pitaniya 1988. No. 1. 1:39-43.